David

Everyday English INCERFA Uncertainty Phase   INCERFA is the initial phase of SAR operations, triggered when there is uncertainty about the safety or whereabouts of an aircraft.   During INCERFA, authorities begin gathering information and initiating preliminary actions to determine if there is a potential emergency.   If no communication is received from an aircraft within […]

Everyday English The Search and Rescue system   SAR in aviation is a coordinated effort involving various agencies to locate and rescue distressed aircraft and personnel.   It utilizes tools such as radar, satellite imagery, and specialized aircraft to conduct search operations in designated areas based on relevant information.   Efficient communication and coordination among SAR

Everyday English Flight plan (FPL)   A flight plan in aviation is a detailed document outlining the intended route, schedule and other essential information for a particular flight.   There are three methods available for submitting a flight plan:   The first option is to utilize an IBS. Alternatively, pilots can opt for the traditional method of completing

Everyday English The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)   ISA conditions are often used as a reference point for aircraft performance calculations, takeoff and landing distances, climb rates, and fuel consumption.   Deviations from ISA conditions, such as non-standard temperature or pressure, can affect aircraft performance and may require adjustments to flight planning and operations.   Several

Everyday English Dynamic hydroplaning occurs when there is an excessive amount of water on the surface of the runway. It is a phenomenon resulting from the inability of the wheels to drain the water between the tire and the ground quickly enough.   This results in forming water wedge beneath the tire and causes the wheel

Everyday English SPECI   A Special Report, often abbreviated as SPECI, is a type of meteorological report in aviation that provides updated weather information when significant changes occur between regular METAR observations.   SPECI reports contain the same types of information as METAR reports. However, they reflect the most recent observations and are issued immediately to

Everyday English METAR   METAR which stands for Meteorological Aerodrome Report, is a standardized format for reporting weather conditions at an aerodrome.   These reports provide crucial information to pilots, air traffic controllers, and meteorologists to ensure safe and efficient aviation operations.   Observations are typically recorded at hourly intervals or more frequently if significant weather

Everyday English ASI blocked   The blocking of an airspeed indicator can present serious challenges for pilots during flight.   To prevent and mitigate the risks associated with blocked airspeed indicators pilots undergo training to recognize and respond effectively to such emergencies.   A mnemonic aid like „PUDSUC“ helps to recall the effects of a blocked

Everyday English Pilot Flying and Pilot Not Flying   In aviation PNF and PF refer to the Pilot Not Flying and Pilot Flying roles within the cockpit.   The PF is responsible for physically controlling the aircraft including tasks such as flying the plane, maneuvering and executing procedures.   On the other hand, the PNF

Everyday English First, make sure you have enough runway to come to a complete stop.   Reduced braking means your ground roll will be longer.   As you roll out from your touch down, use aerodynamic braking. By maximizing the drag produced by your control surfaces, you can help slow yourself with reduced effort on your